Rac1 and RhoA GTPases have antagonistic functions during N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contact formation in C2C12 myoblasts.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: N-cadherin, a member of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule family, plays an essential role in the induction of the skeletal muscle differentiation programme. However, the molecular mechanisms which govern the formation of N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contacts in myoblasts remain unexplored. RESULTS: In the present study, we show that N-cadherin-dependent cell contact formation in myoblasts is defined by two stages. In the first phase, N-cadherin is highly mobile in the lamellipodia extensions between the contacting cells. The second stage corresponds to the formation of mature N-cadherin-dependent cell contacts, characterized by the immobilization of a pool of N-cadherin which appears to be clustered in the interdigitated membrane structures that are also membrane attachment sites for F-actin filaments. We also demonstrated that the formation of N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contacts requires a co-ordinated and sequential activity of Rac1 and RhoA. Rac1 is involved in the first stage and facilitates N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contact formation, but it is not absolutely required. Conversely, RhoA is necessary for N-cadherin-dependent cell contact formation, since, via ROCK (Rho-associated kinase) signalling and myosin 2 activation, it allows the stabilization of N-cadherin at the cell-cell contact sites. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that Rac1 and RhoA have opposite effects on N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contact formation in C2C12 myoblasts and act sequentially to allow its formation.

N-cadherin association with lipid rafts regulates its dynamic assembly at cell-cell junctions in C2C12 myoblasts.

Cadherins are homophilic cell-cell adhesion molecules implicated in cell growth, differentiation, and organization into tissues during embryonic development. They accumulate at cell-cell contact sites and act as adhesion-activated signaling receptors. Here, we show that the dynamic assembly of N-cadherin at cell-cell contacts involves lipid rafts. In C2C12 myoblasts, immunofluorescence and biochemical experiments demonstrate that N-cadherin present at cell-cell contacts is colocalized with lipid rafts. Disruption of lipid rafts leads to the inhibition of cell-cell adhesion and disorganization of N-cadherin-dependent cell-cell contacts without modifying the association of N-cadherin with catenins and its availability at the plasma membrane. Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching experiments demonstrate that at the dorsal plasma membrane, lipid rafts are not directly involved in the diffusional mobility of N-cadherin. In contrast, at cell-cell junctions N-cadherin association with lipid rafts allows its stabilization enabling the formation of a functional adhesive complex. We show that lipid rafts, as homophilic interaction and F-actin association, stabilize cadherin-dependent adhesive complexes. Homophilic interactions and F-actin association of N-cadherin are both required for its association to lipid rafts. We thus identify lipid rafts as new regulators of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion.

Rho GTPases and cadherin-based cell adhesion in skeletal muscle development.

The small GTPases of the Rho subfamily (RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42) are signaling molecules involved in cytoskeleton remodeling and gene transcription. Their activities are important for many cellular processes, including myogenesis. Classical cadherin adhesion molecules are key determinants of cell recognition and tissus morphogenesis and act as adhesion-activated signaling receptors. Rho GTPases have emerged as key mediators of their activity. Not only signal transduction pathways link cadherins to Rho GTPases but also Rho GTPases to cadherins. We focus in this review on the role of cadherins and Rho GTPases in normal myogenesis as well as in pathological development of rhabdomyosarcoma.